A variable-frequency drive is a device used in a drive system consisting of the following three main sub-systems: AC motor, main drive controller assembly, and drive/operator interface.: 210–211 AC motor. The AC electric motor used in a VFD system is usually a three-phase induction motor.Some types of single-phase motors or synchronous motors can be advantageous in some situations, but. NSS considers Beta to be 13-27 HZ, AWI considers it 14-38 HZ, PWM & RA consider it 13-40 HZ, and VUG (seems to) consider it 14-30 HZ. CRI lists it as either 12-36 or 14-36 – it contradicts itself in different parts of the article. I had originally thought it was related somehow to the Schumann Resonance at 33 HZ, and I was. According to him, '33 Hz provided sensations in the test subjects that were off the charts.' (There's even a band named 33 Hz. Its EP, aptly enough, is called All the Hoes.) Malcolm Crocker, professor at Auburn University and editor-in-chief of both The.

In computing, the clock rate typically refers to the frequency at which the clock generator of a processor can generate pulses, which are used to synchronize the operations of its components,^[1] and is used as an indicator of the processor's speed. It is measured in clock cycles per second or its equivalent, the SI unit hertz (Hz).

The clock rate of the first generation of computers was measured in hertz or kilohertz (kHz), the first personal computers (PCs) to arrive throughout the 1970s and 1980s had clock rates measured in megahertz (MHz), and in the 21st century the speed of modern CPUs is commonly advertised in gigahertz (GHz). This metric is most useful when comparing processors within the same family, holding constant other features that may affect performance. Video card and CPU manufacturers commonly select their highest performing units from a manufacturing batch and set their maximum clock rate higher, fetching a higher price.^{[citation needed]}

Determining factors[edit]

Binning[edit]

Manufacturers of modern processors typically charge premium prices for processors that operate at higher clock rates, a practice called binning. For a given CPU, the clock rates are determined at the end of the manufacturing process through actual testing of each processor. Chip manufacturers publish a 'maximum clock rate' specification, and they test chips before selling them to make sure they meet that specification, even when executing the most complicated instructions with the data patterns that take the longest to settle (testing at the temperature and voltage that runs the lowest performance). Processors successfully tested for compliance with a given set of standards may be labeled with a higher clock rate, e.g., 3.50 GHz, while those that fail the standards of the higher clock rate yet pass the standards of a lesser clock rate may be labeled with the lesser clock rate, e.g., 3.3 GHz, and sold at a lower price.^[2]

Engineering[edit]

The clock rate of a CPU is normally determined by the frequency of an oscillator crystal. Typically a crystal oscillator produces a fixed sine wave—the frequency reference signal. Electronic circuitry translates that into a square wave at the same frequency for digital electronics applications (or, in using a CPU multiplier, some fixed multiple of the crystal reference frequency). The clock distribution network inside the CPU carries that clock signal to all the parts that need it. An A/D Converter has a 'clock' pin driven by a similar system to set the sampling rate. With any particular CPU, replacing the crystal with another crystal that oscillates at half the frequency ('underclocking') will generally make the CPU run at half the performance and reduce waste heat produced by the CPU. Conversely, some people try to increase performance of a CPU by replacing the oscillator crystal with a higher frequency crystal ('overclocking').^[3] However, the amount of overclocking is limited by the time for the CPU to settle after each pulse, and by the extra heat created.

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After each clock pulse, the signal lines inside the CPU need time to settle to their new state. That is, every signal line must finish transitioning from 0 to 1, or from 1 to 0. If the next clock pulse comes before that, the results will be incorrect. In the process of transitioning, some energy is wasted as heat (mostly inside the driving transistors). When executing complicated instructions that cause many transitions, the higher the clock rate the more heat produced. Transistors may be damaged by excessive heat.

There is also a lower limit of the clock rate, unless a fully static core is used. All2mp3 for mac catalina.

Historical milestones and current records[edit]

The first fully mechanical analog computer, the Z1 operated clock frequency at 1 Hz (cycle per second) clock frequency and the first electromechanical general purpose computer, the Z3, operated at a frequency of about 5–10 Hz. The first electronic general purpose computer, the ENIAC, used a 100 kHz clock in its cycling unit. As each instruction took 20 cycles, it had an instruction rate of 5 kHz.

The first commercial PC, the Altair 8800 (by MITS), used an Intel 8080 CPU with a clock rate of 2 MHz (2 million cycles per second). The original IBM PC (c. 1981) had a clock rate of 4.77 MHz (4,772,727 cycles per second).In 1992, both Hewlett-Packard and Digital Equipment Corporation broke the difficult 100 MHz limit with RISC techniques in the PA-7100 and AXP 21064 DEC Alpha respectively. In 1995, Intel'sP5Pentium chip ran at 100 MHz (100 million cycles per second). On March 6, 2000, AMD reached the 1 GHz milestone a few months ahead of Intel. In 2002, an Intel Pentium 4 model was introduced as the first CPU with a clock rate of 3 GHz (three billion cycles per second corresponding to ~ 0.33 nanoseconds per cycle). Since then, the clock rate of production processors has increased much more slowly, with performance improvements coming from other design changes.

As of 2014, the Guinness World Record for the highest CPU clock rate is an overclocked, 8.723 GHz AMD Piledriver-based FX-8370 chip. It surpassed the previous record achieved in 2011, an 8.429 GHz AMD FX-8150 Bulldozer-based chip.^[4]

As of mid-2013, the highest clock rate on a production processor is the IBM zEC12, clocked at 5.5 GHz, which was released in August 2012.

Research[edit]

Engineers continue to find new ways to design CPUs that settle a little more quickly or use slightly less energy per transition, pushing back those limits, producing new CPUs that can run at slightly higher clock rates. The ultimate limits to energy per transition are explored in reversible computing.

The first fully reversible CPU, the Pendulum, was implemented using standard CMOS transistors in the late 1990s at MIT.^[5][6][7][8]

Engineers also continue to find new ways to design CPUs so that they complete more instructions per clock cycle, thus achieving a lower CPI (cycles or clock cycles per instruction) count, although they may run at the same or a lower clock rate as older CPUs. This is achieved through architectural techniques such as instruction pipelining and out-of-order execution which attempts to exploit instruction level parallelism in the code.

IBM is working on 100 GHz CPU. In 2010, IBM demonstrated a graphene based transistor that can execute 100 billion cycles per second.^[9] Monstercat visualizer.

Comparing[edit]

The clock rate of a CPU is most useful for providing comparisons between CPUs in the same family. The clock rate is only one of several factors that can influence performance when comparing processors in different families. For example, an IBM PC with an Intel 80486CPU running at 50 MHz will be about twice as fast (internally only) as one with the same CPU and memory running at 25 MHz, while the same will not be true for MIPS R4000 running at the same clock rate as the two are different processors that implement different architectures and microarchitectures. Further, a 'cumulative clock rate' measure is sometimes assumed by taking the total cores and multiplying by the total clock rate (e.g. dual core 2.8 GHz being considered processor cumulative 5.6 GHz). There are many other factors to consider when comparing the performance of CPUs, like the width of the CPU's data bus, the latency of the memory, and the cache architecture.

The clock rate alone is generally considered to be an inaccurate measure of performance when comparing different CPUs families. Software benchmarks are more useful. Clock rates can sometimes be misleading since the amount of work different CPUs can do in one cycle varies. For example, superscalar processors can execute more than one instruction per cycle (on average), yet it is not uncommon for them to do 'less' in a clock cycle. In addition, subscalar CPUs or use of parallelism can also affect the performance of the computer regardless of clock rate.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^http://foldoc.org/Clock
2. ^
3. ^Soderstrom, Thomas. 'Overclocking Guide Part 1: Risks, Choices and Benefits : Who Overclocks?'. 'Overclocking' early processors was as simple – and as limited – as changing the discrete clock crystal .. The advent of adjustable clock generators has allowed 'overclocking' to be done without changing parts such as the clock crystal.
4. ^Chiappetta, Marco (23 September 2011). 'AMD Breaks 8 GHz Overclock with Upcoming FX Processor, Sets World Record. The record has been surpassed with 8794 MHz of overclocking with AMD FX 8350'. HotHardware. Retrieved 2012-04-28.
5. ^Michael Frank.'RevComp - The Reversible and Quantum Computing Research Group'.
6. ^Michael Swaine.'Backward to the Future'.Dr. Dobb's Journal.2004.
7. ^Michael P. Frank.'Reversible Computing: A Requirement for Extreme Supercomputing'.
8. ^Matthew Arthur Morrison.'Theory, Synthesis, and Application of Adiabatic and Reversible Logic Circuits For Security Applications'.2014.
9. ^'IBM Details World's Fastest Graphene Transistor'. PCWorld. 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2019-04-23.

This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the 'relicensing' terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.

You may be familiar with the term “healing vibes,” but what does it mean, exactly? Our world is composed of vibration, and everything holds a different frequency. Let’s explore healing frequencies for the human body. Through music and tones, we can utilize the science behind these phenomena of frequencies that heal to harmonize and further understand ourselves and the world around us.

The Science

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Most of us are aware that the seemingly solid things around us are, in fact, primarily made up of space, not solid matter. Being as such, it’s not difficult to imagine how frequency can affect our bodies, minds, and atmospheres. Although we can’t see frequency with the naked eye or feel it with the skin, we can connect with it on a higher level. Regardless of whether or not we’re aware of them, tones have an influence over every aspect of our beings.

Sound healing has roots in Egyptian science (and likely predates it). More recently it was brought into the mainstream by biophysicist Gerald Oster. You can thank this man for publishing studies on what is now known as “binaural beats.” Yes – the very popular brainwave entrainment tones that many flock to for relaxation, deep sleep, and relief from physical and mental ailments. Binaural or not, sound therapy (aka acutonics) is being applied now more than ever before. Various branches of science and holistic medicine have offered proof of its effectiveness, as well as insight on specific frequencies to use for deeper healing.

Our hearts boast the most far-reaching electromagnetic field in the human body with waves reaching much farther than our brain waves. When we encounter another person, we often energetically connect at the heart level first. It’s safe to say that this may be why we tend to cross our arms over our chest or hunch our shoulders when we’re in uncomfortable or unfamiliar social situations. We are protecting the heart from the disharmonious frequencies around us.

432 Hz

Let’s break it down. Hz stands for Hertz, which are the cycles per second of vibration. Most modern music is set to 440 Hz, and that is theorized to be out of balance with our bodies, chakras, nature, and our very DNA. 432, on the other hand, hits the sweet spot and harmonizes with the patterns of the universe. Music that vibrates at 440 Hz seems to be more cerebral, and 432 Hz harmonizes the heart and restores balance. They are both frequencies that heal.

You may be wondering why 432 is valued over 440. After all, wouldn’t a higher number equal a higher vibration? The difference here is pitch. The higher the pitch, the higher the eardrum vibrates, and that makes 440 Hz more likely to put us in an anxious or disconnected state. In recent years, those who are aware of the importance of sound have taken matters into their own hands. It’s now possible to easily transform mainstream music into harmonious 432 tunes. Various computer programs and apps are capable of this, inspiring music lovers to amp up the quality of their music (no pun intended) for mental and physical benefits.

Some musicians have gone a step further, creating high vibe, harmonious music straight out of the gate. Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi went so far as to express his concerns to the Congress of Italian Musicians. He urged them to approve 432 Hz as the standard. Verdi was one of many composers who stood behind the concept, but unfortunately, the revolution did not spread.

528 Hz

Like the aforementioned 432, 528 Hertz, is also nicknamed the “love frequency.” Like 432, this frequency resonates with the heart and is a component of sacred geometry. To understand the importance of the 528, we must first understand the Solfeggio scale and what it offers us on a healing level. These six tones are known as the “tones of creation” or even the “tones of God” due to their miraculous ability to facilitate healing and alter consciousness. Although each can be used a la mode, for a more holistic experience, you can listen to music that incorporates the entire scale. Many like to fall asleep to these healing tones. There are various hypnosis and meditation recordings online that explore these sounds and inspire deeper and more meaningful healing.

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Each of the six tones on the scale – 396, 417, 528, 639, 741, 852 – fulfill a different type of purpose.

396 – heals feelings of grief
417 – helps with stagnation
639 – affects our connections with others
741 – inspires self-expression
852 – restores spiritual connection

The subject of our discussion – 528 – is known as a “miracle tone” that aids in DNA repair. Noticeable effects of it include peaceful feelings, a clear mind, heightened awareness and intuition, and the ability to find your purpose.

In Conclusion

There have been some arguments in the new age communities about the effectiveness of both tones, pitting one of the frequencies that heal against the other. Neither is “better” than the other. It can be theorized that 432 relates to a more personal, human nature, with an emphasis on the heart field; while 528 brings us to a wider, deeper understanding of universal love.

Any tones that instill in us feelings of peace can be considered healing frequencies for the aura and brain. After all, each of us has our own musical preferences. The fact that we’ve discovered the gift of healing through specific and time-tested frequencies must be considered. It’s up to you to use these divine tones to heal, inspire, and reach your true potential.

To find out how to recalibrate your energy frequency and clear low-frequency patterns and emotions like fear, sadness, grief, frustration, anger, jealousy, and shame – book an Intuitive Healing Session and raise your frequency to love, joy, acceptance, peace, and courage.

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